Informative
How does Wi-Fi Work Onboard Airplanes?

Have you ever wondered how can you get connected to a Wi-Fi network during your flight that is already cruising at a high flight altitude far from the ground and at a very high speed? In this article, we will discuss how can you be connected to your friends and family during your flight, let’s discover!
So basically, to operate a Wi-Fi service during flights, one of three systems should be used, and they are:
- ATG – System
- Ku-Band System
- Ka-Band System
These three systems do work similarly however, they are just different in bandwidth and the speed of the internet. To operate these systems they all need a ground-based internet server, a transmitting antenna or a satellite dish, a receiving and transmitting antenna (on the plane) and an onboard server, and finally a Wi-Fi router.

1. The Air To Ground (ATG) System
This system basically relies on two antennas that are usually fixed on the belly of an aircraft. These two bellies pick up the signals from the cell towers on land, which are too similar to the cellular network towers that we on the ground rely on to have our 4G/LTE signal for our mobile phones. The signals that are picked by these antennas send to the cabin server and distribute via a Wi-Fi router, allowing passengers to connect to Wi-Fi with their smartphones, laptop, or other devices.

In this system; the maximum internet speed is only 3 Megabytes per second, which is far too sluggish compared to the 40 Megabytes per second speeds offered by 4G/LTE-enabled mobile devices. However, it’s alright because as a passenger, it will be sufficient for you to check your emails or send a WhatsApp message.
2. Ku-Band System

The military has previously used Ku-Band internet technology. The letter “K” is an abbreviation for the German word kurz, which means “short,” and the letter “u” is an abbreviation for “under,” as it is located in the lower part of the original NATO K-Band frequency range. It differs from the ATG system in that signals are beamed up from a ground station or a transmitter to the satellite, which reflects the signal to a special antenna on the airplane. This system is similar to satellite phones used around the Arctic Poles.
You may have noticed a bulky hump on the upper part of the fuselage on most modern airliners (as in the image below), below this hump is the satellite antenna that is by the way very similar to the TV satellite dish attached to your home, the difference is that the satellite on airplanes can rotate constantly to adjust itself to the nearest satellite, for this it is considerably large however it seems small from outside.


The received signal is then decoded by the airplane server and distributed by the Wi-Fi router. The satellite connection used by the Ku-Band frequency is significantly faster than the ATG system, with a maximum speed of 50 Megabytes per second, but it is relatively slow when you consider an airliner with tens or hundreds of passengers all connected to the same Wi-Fi trying to load a video or use any other high-internet-consuming application/activity. Furthermore, due to the distance that the signals must travel in Ku-Band System, Wi-Fi suffers from latency issues that the ATG system does not. In addition to these drawbacks; Ku-Band Service provides slower internet speeds when several airplanes are transmitting on one satellite.
3. Ka-Band System
The “a” here stands for “above, as this is in the upper region of the native frequency band at 20-36 GHz. The Ka-Band system is currently the fastest Wi-Fi service available for airlines, and satellite wireless service provider “ViaSat” powers Ka-band with the “ViaSat-1” satellite which is much more powerful than Ku-Band with promises speeds of up to 70 Megabytes per second to each aircraft, this is almost the same speed you use at home!
Ka/Ku Band Hybrid Receiver
Some airplanes are now fitted with a hybrid receiver capable of switching between the Ka-Band and Ku-Band based on the best signal strength available. And those airlines claim that this combination of satellite services and Wi-Fi will enable their passengers to do more activities using the internet, such as watching shows/movies and streaming music, and so on.
So by now, you should have learned how Wi-Fi works during your flight. Tell us in the comments have you ever texted somebody from the airplane, was it normal as you were on the ground, or did you have to wait for a while until you deliver/receive a message?
Sources:
GoGo
Cover Photo: Delta AirLines
Informative
Boeing Plane Numbering: Why Do Boeing Plane Models Start and End With the Number 7

Have you ever wondered why Boeing plane models follow a unique numbering convention? From the iconic 707 to the modern 787 Dreamliner, these aircraft names start and end with the number 7. In this article, we’ll delve into the fascinating world of Boeing’s plane numbering system, exploring the reasons behind this distinctive pattern and uncovering the possibilities for future model designations. Join us as we unravel the mystery behind why Boeing plane models start and end with the number 7.
The History of Boeing Plane Numbering

Boeing’s commercial aircraft have a long history of numerical designations starting and ending with the number seven. It all began in the 1950s with the iconic Boeing 707, and since then, Boeing has continued this tradition with its popular jetliners. Let’s delve into the intriguing history of Boeing plane numbering and uncover the reasons behind this unique convention.
The Theories Behind Boeing’s Numbering System
Over the years, several theories have emerged to explain the reasoning behind Boeing’s numbering system. One theory suggests that the 707 was Boeing’s seventh aircraft series. However, this is not accurate as Boeing’s first modern passenger jetliner was actually the 367-80, a prototype for the 707.

Another theory suggests that the number in Boeing’s aircraft names represents their passenger capacity. This idea draws inspiration from Airbus, which named its A300 based on its approximate capacity. However, this theory falls short when it comes to the Boeing 707, as even its largest variant only accommodated 219 passengers.
The Real Reason for Boeing’s Numbering System
The true reason behind Boeing’s numbering system lies in its practicality and ease of reference. The numbers assigned to each aircraft model help engineers and industry professionals differentiate between the various products in Boeing’s extensive portfolio. Here’s a breakdown of Boeing’s numbering system:
- 100: Used for earlier models and the first biplanes constructed by Boeing.
- 200: Designated for early single-wing designs that deviated from the prevailing biplane trend.
- 300 and 400: Assigned to commercial propeller-driven aircraft.
- 500: Reserved for turbo-engined aircraft.
- 600: Designated for missiles and rocket-powered devices.
- 700: Allocated to jet-powered commercial aircraft.
- 800: Currently unused.
- 900: Used for a unique project—a turbojet hydrofoil boat designated as the 929.

The consistent use of the number 7 in the 700 series has played a crucial role in establishing brand recognition and a strong association with Boeing. It has become an integral part of the company’s identity, signifying innovation, reliability, and excellence in the aviation industry.
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The Significance of Ending 700 Series Aircraft with the Number 7
An intriguing aspect of Boeing’s numbering convention is the practice of ending 700 series aircraft with the number seven. This decision has both marketing and linguistic considerations. From a marketing perspective, the symmetry of the “7×7” combination is visually appealing and memorable. It also rolls off the tongue easily and aids in brand recognition. Additionally, the 700 series designations have become synonymous with some of Boeing’s most iconic and legendary aircraft, such as the legendary Boeing 747.
Future Possibilities for Boeing Plane Numbering

Considering the extensive range of jetliner families Boeing has developed over the years, one may wonder what the future holds for their numbering convention. With some series already discontinued and others continuing to evolve, the available numbers are becoming limited. The 797 has long been rumored to be a potential new middle-market aircraft, but beyond that, Boeing may need to explore alternative options.
Read more about the Boeing 797: Boeing B797 in the Making?
In the future, Boeing might consider adding a fourth number to the designation or moving beyond the number 7 at the end to accommodate new models. Alternatively, they could introduce a new series altogether, such as the presently unused 800 series. Whatever the future holds, Boeing’s commitment to innovation and progress in the aviation industry will undoubtedly remain unchanged.

You might be also interested in: The Differences Between the Boeing 777 Variants
The Boeing plane numbering convention has fascinated aviation enthusiasts for decades. While theories have emerged to explain the origin and significance of these numerical designations, the true reason lies in practicality and ease of reference. Ending 700 series aircraft with the number seven adds a touch of symmetry and allure to Boeing’s product lineup. As we look to the future, it remains to be seen how Boeing will navigate the evolving landscape of aircraft numbering and continue to captivate aviation enthusiasts worldwide.
The story behind Boeing’s numbering convention is a captivating one, leaving us with intriguing possibilities for the future. What are your thoughts on this unique naming system? Do you believe Boeing should continue with the tradition of starting and ending with the number 7, or would you prefer to see a different approach? Join the conversation and share your insights in the comments section below!
Informative
Crucial Factors Affecting Aircraft Takeoff Distance and What Pilots Can Do About It

The adrenaline rush that accompanies the surge of power felt during an airplane’s takeoff is a captivating experience. However, the complexities of aircraft takeoff extend far beyond this initial thrill, deeply rooted in intricate maneuvering and meticulous calculations. This process, primarily defined in terms of Takeoff Distance (TOD), involves two main segments – the ground roll and the airborne distance necessary to reach the screen height of 35 ft. Multiple factors interplay to influence this takeoff distance. Let’s delve into factors affecting takeoff distance.
Atmospheric Influence on Takeoff Performance

The performance of an aircraft is tightly knitted with atmospheric conditions, specifically the ambient temperature. As temperatures soar, the aircraft’s performance correspondingly takes a dip. This phenomenon is attributed to the rise in density altitude. An elevated density altitude impairs both the engine performance and the aerodynamics of the aircraft, necessitating a deeper understanding of the impact of density altitude on aircraft operations.
Another atmospheric factor playing a crucial role in aircraft takeoff is the prevailing wind conditions. Planes predominantly take off into the wind, as a headwind contributes to reducing the takeoff distance, whereas a tailwind tends to elongate it. This is due to the interaction between Indicated Air Speed (IAS), True Air Speed (TAS), and ground speed. If the wind direction and speed are accurately factored into the calculations, pilots can optimize their ground speed requirements, significantly impacting the takeoff distance.
Weight and Its Impact on Aircraft Takeoff

Weight is another factor that plays a major role in influencing takeoff distance. An increase in the weight of the aircraft essentially means an increase in inertia, translating into the requirement of greater acceleration and a consequently longer runway. A weightier aircraft also imposes a higher load on the ground, escalating the wheel drag and friction. This heightened friction, combined with the need to attain a certain speed for lift-off, necessitates a longer runway roll for heavier aircraft, thereby increasing the takeoff distance.
Runway Conditions and their Role in Takeoff

The runway, where the action unfolds, also contributes to the intricacies of aircraft takeoff. The characteristics of the runway surface, such as the presence of water, snow, or slush, can increase the friction experienced during takeoff, affecting the required distance. Similarly, the slope of the runway also plays a part in influencing the takeoff roll. An uphill runway works against the acceleration of the aircraft, while a downslope assists the acceleration, reducing the takeoff distance.
Mitigating Factors: Practical Strategies for Optimal Takeoff

Pilots employ a range of strategies to tackle these influencing factors and ensure a smooth takeoff. One such strategy is the modification of the aircraft’s configuration, such as the lowering of flaps, which can increase lift and reduce the required takeoff speed. However, a higher flap setting also poses its own challenges, emphasizing the need for a well-calculated balance.
Ignoring these factors can lead to a decrement in performance, potentially impacting safety. Fortunately, aircraft manufacturers equip pilots with critical information, such as Weight, Altitude, and Temperature (WAT) charts, to make informed decisions for safe takeoff operations.

Unraveling the complexities of aircraft takeoff and acknowledging the factors that influence it form the backbone of efficient aircraft operation. Such understanding is critical to maintaining the safety and efficiency of flights, particularly in the realm of general aviation, where stringent training and standardization may not always be in place.
READ ALSO: Cleared for takeoff | The take off procedure explained
We’ve discussed the complexities of aircraft takeoff and the factors influencing it. Even as passengers, these aspects shape our flying experience. What are your thoughts on this intricate process? Have you ever noticed these factors at play during your travels? Share your insights or any questions you might have in the comments section below.
Informative
Maximizing Jet Engine Efficiency: The Benefits of Rolls-Royce’s TotalCare Program

Rolls-Royce provides a comprehensive engine management service, TotalCare program, that offers multiple engine maintenance plans to its customers. Jet engines are expensive and critical assets, and to maintain their longevity, operators often seek OEMs and third-party facilities for engine maintenance. The TotalCare program includes predictive maintenance planning, work scope management, and off-wing repair and overhaul activities at various OEM and partner locations. Rolls-Royce’s main goal is to manage engines throughout their lifecycle and ensure maximum flying availability for its customers.
Maximizing Time-on-Wing and Shop Visit Cost Risk Transfer
Rolls-Royce’s TotalCare program offers customers a choice in managing engine maintenance by transferring both time-on-wing and shop visit cost risks back to the company. Rolls-Royce aligns its TotalCare maintenance business model with its customers’ operational model to provide maximum time-on-wing for the engines. The company enhances its internal capability to repair and recycle engine components, allowing for on-wing inspection and repair of several internal and external parts without removing the engine. This approach decreases the need for new and spare parts, and accelerates the maintenance process.

Recycling and Remanufacturing of Engines
According to Rolls-Royce, their TotalCare program can recover and recycle up to 95% of a used engine. Almost half of the recovered materials are of high quality and can be safely remanufactured to create new aerospace components. This approach minimizes the need for OEMs to purchase raw materials, making engine maintenance more sustainable and cost-effective.
TotalCare Engine Management Plans
Rolls-Royce offers three engine management plans through its TotalCare program: TotalCare Life, TotalCare Term, and TotalCare Flex.
TotalCare Life
Under the TotalCare program, customers pay an agreed-upon amount per engine flight hour (EFH) during the engine’s operation, similar to the power-by-the-hour contract offered by many OEMs. Rolls-Royce mandates a minimum term for this plan, and the exact dollar amount per EFH varies based on the customer and usage. If the aircraft and engine are sold to another operator midway between overhauls, the unused maintenance credits can be transferred to the new operator if they also enroll in the TotalCare program.
TotalCare Term
As part of the TotalCare program, the TotalCare Term plan charges an agreed-upon rate per engine flight hour (EFH) to cover expected shop visits for the duration of the agreement. However, if the term ends midway between shop visits, the operator will not have contributed towards the engine life used since the last shop visit. This plan offers a lower rate per EFH, but it limits the services provided within a specific term.
TotalCare Flex
The TotalCare Flex plan is usually used for owned engines that are approaching their retirement age. Under this plan, OEMs offer a complete overhaul to maximize time-on-wing, a partial overhaul that takes the engine to its retirement date, or an engine swap.

Rolls-Royce’s TotalCare program provides a comprehensive engine management service that ensures maximum time-on-wing and cost-effective maintenance for customers. The program transfers both time-on-wing and shop visit cost risks back to Rolls-Royce, enabling customers to concentrate on their core business while Rolls-Royce assumes responsibility for engine maintenance. The program offers three engine management plans, each customized to meet the specific needs of its customers. Through TotalCare, Rolls-Royce aims to encourage more customers to adopt long-term service agreements and reduce reliance on traditional third-party Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) services.
Also, you might be interested in reading: Jet Engines: How They Work and Power Modern Aviation?
Sources
- Source: Simple Flying
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