Informative
Aircraft Fuel Dumping and What Happens to the Fuel Dumped?
Fuel Dumping is an emergency procedure used in certain situations to maintain and prepare the aircraft for a safe landing. In this article, we will discuss the procedure of fuel dumping and the consequences of this procedure. Let’s dig in!
Fuel Dumping is an emergency procedure used in certain situations to maintain and prepare the aircraft for a safe landing. In this article, we will discuss the procedure of fuel dumping and the consequences of this procedure. Let’s dig in!
Why dump the fuel?
The Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTW) and Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) are the two key weights for aircraft during a flight. Usually, the MTW is greater than the MLW and this is basically due to burning fuel during the flight. When landing the aircraft, the aircraft’s weight should weigh less than the MLW. Otherwise, It would be classified as an overweight landing attempt and would put a lot of strain on the airframe if the plane tried to land before even dumping the fuel first. Additionally, it can raise the possibility of a fire and gasoline leaking onto the tarmac. Therefore this creates a challenge for emergency landings following takeoff. In such cases, Fuel Dumping is a necessary step to be performed by the crew before an emergency landing.
The Process of dumping the fuel at altitude:
The pilots activate a switch in the cockpit, which pumps force the fuel out of nozzles in the wings. When the fuel is spread out over a sufficiently enough region, the particles vaporize into thin mist. Essentially dissipates into the atmosphere’s background gases after evaporating into a gaseous state. However, if an aircraft disperses its fuel at a low enough altitude, such as right after takeoff, it may remain in a liquid state until it hits the ground.
In this situation, the aircraft will aim to avoid populated areas or perform the operation on land rather than at sea because it would be like dumping hundreds of liters of gasoline upon them. The FAA makes it clear that no dumping is permitted below 2,000 feet.
The ASSIST principle
“Best practice embedded in the ASSIST principle could be followed (A – Acknowledge; S – Separate, S – Silence; I – Inform, S – Support, T – Time):
SKYbrary highlights the above process when dealing with fuel dumps
- A – acknowledge the emergency, ask for intentions and provide information regarding suitable fuel dumping areas and altitudes as well as suitable landing aerodromes as necessary;
- S – separate the aircraft from other traffic (see next section). If such an area exists, vector the aircraft to the designated fuel dumping area. Ensure that dumping occurs at an altitude that will allow evaporation/dissipation of the fuel before it reaches the ground – 5000 to 6000″ AGL is usually sufficient.
- S – silence the non-urgent calls (as required) and use separate frequency where possible;
- I – inform the supervisor and other sectors/units concerned; inform the airport emergency fire rescue services and all concerned parties according to local procedures; inform other (uncontrolled) traffic in the vicinity using a general call, e.g. “All stations, [ATS unit], [TYPE] dumping fuel [level] [route or location]”
- S – support the flight by providing any information requested and necessary such as type of approach, runway length and any additional aerodrome details, etc.
- T – provide time for the crew to assess the situation, execute the dumping procedure and complete associated checklists – don’t press with non urgent matters.”
Delta 777’s flight (Flight DL89) rained down fuel over some school playgrounds
A Delta 777 traveling from Los Angeles to Shanghai in January 2020 experienced an emergency shortly after takeoff and had to shut down one of the engines. According to Aviation Herald, the Boeing 777 flying from Los Angeles to Shanghai took off as usual from Los Angeles. However, the crew reported that the climb had to be aborted at 8000 feet due to a compressor stall on the twinjet’s right-hand engine. The aircraft was then forced to drop 15,000 gallons of fuel at a height of 2000 feet over a coastal metropolitan suburb. Sadly, it covered three schools, one of which was for young children. The following video shows clearly the fuel dumping of the flight DL89 back in 2020:
However, the pilots dumped fuel as the plane headed back to Los Angeles and safely landed. Unfortunately, several school playgrounds were covered in jet fuel, which led to a lot of individuals on the ground being injured. Delta stated that it sent 13 cleaning crews to affected schools to help with the outside cleanup to avoid additional hazards.
Is it possible for all planes to dump fuel?
The fuel dump capability is not built on many aircraft. This is true of the majority of regional jets and most narrow-body aircraft, including the 737 and A320. This is because it satisfies particular requirements established by aviation regulators demonstrating that they can still carry out crucial maneuvers like a go-around before landing close to maximum takeoff weight.
Sources:
Cover photo credits: C.v.Grinsven
The adrenaline rush that accompanies the surge of power felt during an airplane’s takeoff is a captivating experience. However, the complexities of aircraft takeoff extend far beyond this initial thrill, deeply rooted in intricate maneuvering and meticulous calculations. This process, primarily defined in terms of Takeoff Distance (TOD), involves two main segments – the ground roll and the airborne distance necessary to reach the screen height of 35 ft. Multiple factors interplay to influence this takeoff distance. Let’s delve into factors affecting takeoff distance.
Atmospheric Influence on Takeoff Performance
The performance of an aircraft is tightly knitted with atmospheric conditions, specifically the ambient temperature. As temperatures soar, the aircraft’s performance correspondingly takes a dip. This phenomenon is attributed to the rise in density altitude. An elevated density altitude impairs both the engine performance and the aerodynamics of the aircraft, necessitating a deeper understanding of the impact of density altitude on aircraft operations.
Another atmospheric factor playing a crucial role in aircraft takeoff is the prevailing wind conditions. Planes predominantly take off into the wind, as a headwind contributes to reducing the takeoff distance, whereas a tailwind tends to elongate it. This is due to the interaction between Indicated Air Speed (IAS), True Air Speed (TAS), and ground speed. If the wind direction and speed are accurately factored into the calculations, pilots can optimize their ground speed requirements, significantly impacting the takeoff distance.
Weight and Its Impact on Aircraft Takeoff
Weight is another factor that plays a major role in influencing takeoff distance. An increase in the weight of the aircraft essentially means an increase in inertia, translating into the requirement of greater acceleration and a consequently longer runway. A weightier aircraft also imposes a higher load on the ground, escalating the wheel drag and friction. This heightened friction, combined with the need to attain a certain speed for lift-off, necessitates a longer runway roll for heavier aircraft, thereby increasing the takeoff distance.
Runway Conditions and their Role in Takeoff
The runway, where the action unfolds, also contributes to the intricacies of aircraft takeoff. The characteristics of the runway surface, such as the presence of water, snow, or slush, can increase the friction experienced during takeoff, affecting the required distance. Similarly, the slope of the runway also plays a part in influencing the takeoff roll. An uphill runway works against the acceleration of the aircraft, while a downslope assists the acceleration, reducing the takeoff distance.
Mitigating Factors: Practical Strategies for Optimal Takeoff
Pilots employ a range of strategies to tackle these influencing factors and ensure a smooth takeoff. One such strategy is the modification of the aircraft’s configuration, such as the lowering of flaps, which can increase lift and reduce the required takeoff speed. However, a higher flap setting also poses its own challenges, emphasizing the need for a well-calculated balance.
Ignoring these factors can lead to a decrement in performance, potentially impacting safety. Fortunately, aircraft manufacturers equip pilots with critical information, such as Weight, Altitude, and Temperature (WAT) charts, to make informed decisions for safe takeoff operations.
Unraveling the complexities of aircraft takeoff and acknowledging the factors that influence it form the backbone of efficient aircraft operation. Such understanding is critical to maintaining the safety and efficiency of flights, particularly in the realm of general aviation, where stringent training and standardization may not always be in place.
READ ALSO: Cleared for takeoff | The take off procedure explained
We’ve discussed the complexities of aircraft takeoff and the factors influencing it. Even as passengers, these aspects shape our flying experience. What are your thoughts on this intricate process? Have you ever noticed these factors at play during your travels? Share your insights or any questions you might have in the comments section below.
Rolls-Royce provides a comprehensive engine management service, TotalCare program, that offers multiple engine maintenance plans to its customers. Jet engines are expensive and critical assets, and to maintain their longevity, operators often seek OEMs and third-party facilities for engine maintenance. The TotalCare program includes predictive maintenance planning, work scope management, and off-wing repair and overhaul activities at various OEM and partner locations. Rolls-Royce’s main goal is to manage engines throughout their lifecycle and ensure maximum flying availability for its customers.
Maximizing Time-on-Wing and Shop Visit Cost Risk Transfer
Rolls-Royce’s TotalCare program offers customers a choice in managing engine maintenance by transferring both time-on-wing and shop visit cost risks back to the company. Rolls-Royce aligns its TotalCare maintenance business model with its customers’ operational model to provide maximum time-on-wing for the engines. The company enhances its internal capability to repair and recycle engine components, allowing for on-wing inspection and repair of several internal and external parts without removing the engine. This approach decreases the need for new and spare parts, and accelerates the maintenance process.
Recycling and Remanufacturing of Engines
According to Rolls-Royce, their TotalCare program can recover and recycle up to 95% of a used engine. Almost half of the recovered materials are of high quality and can be safely remanufactured to create new aerospace components. This approach minimizes the need for OEMs to purchase raw materials, making engine maintenance more sustainable and cost-effective.
TotalCare Engine Management Plans
Rolls-Royce offers three engine management plans through its TotalCare program: TotalCare Life, TotalCare Term, and TotalCare Flex.
TotalCare Life
Under the TotalCare program, customers pay an agreed-upon amount per engine flight hour (EFH) during the engine’s operation, similar to the power-by-the-hour contract offered by many OEMs. Rolls-Royce mandates a minimum term for this plan, and the exact dollar amount per EFH varies based on the customer and usage. If the aircraft and engine are sold to another operator midway between overhauls, the unused maintenance credits can be transferred to the new operator if they also enroll in the TotalCare program.
TotalCare Term
As part of the TotalCare program, the TotalCare Term plan charges an agreed-upon rate per engine flight hour (EFH) to cover expected shop visits for the duration of the agreement. However, if the term ends midway between shop visits, the operator will not have contributed towards the engine life used since the last shop visit. This plan offers a lower rate per EFH, but it limits the services provided within a specific term.
TotalCare Flex
The TotalCare Flex plan is usually used for owned engines that are approaching their retirement age. Under this plan, OEMs offer a complete overhaul to maximize time-on-wing, a partial overhaul that takes the engine to its retirement date, or an engine swap.
Rolls-Royce’s TotalCare program provides a comprehensive engine management service that ensures maximum time-on-wing and cost-effective maintenance for customers. The program transfers both time-on-wing and shop visit cost risks back to Rolls-Royce, enabling customers to concentrate on their core business while Rolls-Royce assumes responsibility for engine maintenance. The program offers three engine management plans, each customized to meet the specific needs of its customers. Through TotalCare, Rolls-Royce aims to encourage more customers to adopt long-term service agreements and reduce reliance on traditional third-party Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) services.
Also, you might be interested in reading: Jet Engines: How They Work and Power Modern Aviation?
Sources
- Source: Simple Flying
The Solar Impulse 2, a solar-powered aircraft, made history by completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth powered solely by solar energy. Designed by Swiss pioneers Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg, this innovative aircraft with a wingspan of 72 meters and covered in over 17,000 solar cells showcased the potential of renewable energy in aviation.
The lightweight design, made from advanced materials including carbon fiber, allowed the Solar Impulse 2 to harness solar power during the day and store excess energy in four lithium polymer batteries, enabling it to fly through the night. The aircraft embarked on its journey in 2015 from Abu Dhabi, UAE, and covered over 26,000 miles, with stops in 17 destinations around the world, including India, China, the United States, and Spain.
Despite challenges such as weather delays and battery replacements, the Solar Impulse 2 persevered, highlighting the possibilities of renewable energy in aviation. It had an average flying speed of around 30-40 miles per hour, showcasing that it was not designed for speed, but rather as a platform for promoting sustainability and clean technologies.
During stopovers, the Solar Impulse team engaged in educational and outreach activities, raising awareness about the importance of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate change. The success of the Solar Impulse 2 marked a significant milestone in aviation history, inspiring further advancements in sustainable air travel.
In conclusion, the Solar Impulse 2 was a pioneering solar-powered aircraft that completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth powered solely by solar energy. Its lightweight design, advanced materials, and innovative use of solar power showcased the possibilities of renewable energy in aviation. The Solar Impulse 2’s historic journey will be remembered as a milestone in aviation and a testament to the power of human innovation in driving positive change for a more sustainable future.
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